ADDUSER - Manpage

See Also : USERMOD_-_Manpage

Quick Examples

With a custom shell :

adduser username --shell /bin/sh

With a custom home directory :

adduser username --home /home/not_username/

With custom groups :

adduser username --groups sudo,admin

ADDUSER Manpage

ADDUSER(8)                                                                                 System Manager's Manual                                                                                 ADDUSER(8)

NAME
       adduser, addgroup - add or manipulate users or groups

SYNOPSIS
       adduser [--add-extra-groups] [--allow-all-names] [--allow-bad-names] [--comment comment] [--conf file] [--debug] [--disabled-login] [--disabled-password] [--firstgid id] [--firstuid id] [--gid id]
               [--home dir] [--ingroup group] [--lastgid id] [--lastuid id] [--no-create-home] [--shell shell] [--quiet] [--uid id] [--verbose] user

       adduser --system [--comment comment] [--conf file] [--debug] [--gid id] [--group] [--home dir] [--ingroup group] [--no-create-home] [--shell shell] [--uid id] [--quiet] [--verbose] user

       adduser --group [--conf file] [--debug] [--firstgid id] [--gid ID] [--lastgid id] [--quiet] [--verbose] group

       addgroup [--conf file] [--debug] [--firstgid id] [--gid ID] [--lastgid id] [--quiet] [--verbose] group

       addgroup --system [--gid id] [--conf file] [--quiet] [--verbose] group

       adduser [--conf file] [--debug] [--quiet] [--verbose] user group

       adduser --help

       adduser --version

DESCRIPTION
       adduser and addgroup add users and groups to the system according to command line options and configuration information in /etc/adduser.conf.  They are friendlier front ends to the low  level  tools
       like  useradd,  groupadd  and  usermod  programs, by default choosing Debian policy conformant UID and GID values, creating a home directory with skeletal configuration, running a custom script, and
       other features.

       adduser and addgroup are intended as a policy layer, making it easier for package maintainers and local administrators to create local system accounts in the way Debian expects them to  be  created,
       taking the burden to adapt to the probably changing specifications of Debian policy.  adduser --system takes special attention on just needing a single call in the package maintainer scripts without
       any conditional wrappers, error suppression or other scaffolding.

       adduser honors the distinction between dynamically allocated system users and groups and dynamically allocated user accounts that is documented in Debian Policy, Chapter 9.2.2.

       For a full list and explanations of all options, see the OPTIONS section.

       adduser and addgroup can be run in one of five modes:

   Add a normal user
       If called with one non-option argument and without the --system or --group  options, adduser will add a normal user, that means a dynamically allocated user account in the sense  of  Debian  Policy.
       This is commonly referred to in adduser as a non-system user.

       adduser will choose the first available UID from the range specified by FIRST_UID and LAST_UID in the configuration file.  The range may be overridden with the --firstuid and --lastuid options.  Fi‐
       nally, the UID can be set fully manually with the --uid option.

       By default, each user is given a corresponding group with the same name.  This is commonly called Usergroups and allows group writable directories to be easily maintained by placing the  appropriate
       users in the new group, setting the set-group-ID bit in the directory, and ensuring that all users use a umask of 002.

       For  a  usergroup,  adduser  will  choose  the  first available GID from the range specified by FIRST_GID and LAST_GID in the configuration file.  The range may be overridden with the --firstgid and
       --lastgid options.  Finally, the GID can be set fully manually with the --gid option.

       The interaction between USERS_GID, USERS_GROUP, and USERGROUPS is explained in detail in adduser.conf(5).

       Users' primary groups can also be overridden from the command line with the --gid  or --ingroup options to set the group by id or name, respectively.  Also, users can be added to one or more supple‐
       mental groups defined as EXTRA_GROUPS in the configuration file either by setting ADD_EXTRA_GROUPS to 1 in the configuration file, or by passing --add-extra-groups on the command line.

       adduser will copy files from /etc/skel into the home directory and prompt for the comment field and a password if those functions have not been turned off / overridden from the command line.

       UID, comment, home directory and shell might be pre-determined with the UID_POOL and GID_POOL option, documented in adduser.conf(5).

   Add a system user
       If called with one non-option argument and the --system option, adduser will add a dynamically allocated system user, often abbreviated as system user in the context of the adduser package.

       adduser will choose the first available UID from the range specified by FIRST_SYSTEM_UID and LAST_SYSTEM_UID in the configuration file.  This can be overridden with the --uid option.

       By default, system users are placed in the nogroup group.  To place the new system user in an already existing group, use the --gid or --ingroup options.  If the --group is given and the identically
       named group does not already exist, it is created with the same ID.

       If no home directory is specified, the default home directory for a new system user is /nonexistent.  This directory should never exist on any Debian system, and adduser will never create  it  auto‐
       matically.

       Unless  a  shell is explicitly set with the --shell option, the new system user will have the shell set to /usr/sbin/nologin.  adduser --system does not set a password for the new account.  Skeletal
       configuration files are not copied.

       Other options will behave as for the creation of a normal user.  The files referenced by UID_POOL and GID_POOL do also work.

   Add a group
       If adduser is called with the --group option and without the --system option, or addgroup is called respectively, a user group will be added.

       A dynamically allocated system group, often abbreviated as system group in the context of the adduser package, will be created if adduser is called with the --system option.

       A GID will be chosen from the respective range specified for GIDs in the configuration file (FIRST_GID, LAST_GID, FIRST_SYSTEM_GID, LAST_SYSTEM_GID).  To override that mechanism, you  can  give  the
       GID using the --gid option.

       For non-system groups, the range specified in the configuration file may be overridden with the --firstgid and --lastgid options.

       The group is created with no members.

   Add an existing user to an existing group
       If called with two non-option arguments, adduser will add an existing user to an existing group.

OPTIONS
       Different modes of adduser allow different options.  If no valid modes are listed for a option, it is accepted in all modes.

       Short  versions  for certain options may exist for historical reasons.  They are going to stay supported, but are removed from the documentation.  Users are advised to migrate to the long version of
       options.

       --add-extra-groups
              Add new user to extra groups defined in the configuration files' EXTRA_GROUPS setting.  The old spelling --add_extra_groups is deprecated and will be supported in Debian bookworm only.  Valid
              Modes: adduser, adduser --system.

       --allow-all-names
              Allow any user- and groupname which is supported by the underlying useradd(8), including names containing non-ASCII characters.  See VALID NAMES in adduser.conf(5).  Valid Modes: adduser, ad‐
              duser --system, addgroup, addgroup --system.

       --allow-bad-names
              Disable NAME_REGEX and SYS_NAME_REGEX check of names.  Only a weaker check for validity of the name is applied.  See VALID NAMES in adduser.conf(5).  Valid Modes: adduser,  adduser  --system,
              addgroup, addgroup --system.

       --comment comment
              Set  the comment field for the new entry generated.  adduser will not ask for the information if this option is given.  This field is also known under the name GECOS field and contains infor‐
              mation that is used by the finger(1) command.  This used to be the --gecos option, which is deprecated and will be removed after Debian bookworm.  Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system.

       --conf file
              Use file instead of /etc/adduser.conf.  Multiple --conf options can be given.

       --debug
              Activate debugging code.

       --disabled-login
       --disabled-password
              Do not run passwd(1) to set a password.  In most situations, logins are still possible though (for example using SSH keys or through PAM) for reasons that are beyond adduser's scope.   --dis‐
              abled-login will additionally set the shell to /usr/sbin/nologin.  Valid Mode: adduser.

       --firstuid ID
       --lastuid ID
       --firstgid ID
       --lastgid ID
              Override  the  first UID / last UID / first GID / last GID in the range that the uid is chosen from (FIRST_UID, LAST_UID, FIRST_GID and LAST_GID, FIRST_SYSTEM_UID, LAST_SYSTEM_UID, FIRST_SYS‐
              TEM_GID and LAST_SYSTEM_GID in the configuration file).  If a group is created as a usergroup, --firstgid and --lastgid are ignored.  The group gets the same ID as the user.  Valid Modes: ad‐
              duser, adduser --system, for --firstgid and --lastgid also addgroup.

       --force-badname
       --allow-badname
              These are the deprecated forms of --allow-bad-names.  It will be removed during the release cycle of the Debian release after bookworm.

       --gid ID
              When  creating a group, this option sets the group ID number of the new group to GID.  When creating a user, this option sets the primary group ID number of the new user to GID.  Valid Modes:
              adduser, adduser --system, addgroup, addgroup --system.

       --group
              Using this option in adduser --system indicates that the new user should get an identically named group as its primary group.  If that identically named group is not already  present,  it  is
              created.   If  not combined with --system, a group with the given name is created.  The latter is the default action if the program is invoked as addgroup.  Valid Modes: adduser --system, ad‐
              dgroup, addgroup --system.

       --help Display brief instructions.

       --home dir
              Use dir as the user's home directory, rather than the default specified by the configuration file (or /nonexistent if adduser --system is used).  If the directory does not exist, it  is  cre‐
              ated.  Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system.

       --ingroup GROUP
              When  creating  a  user,  this option sets the primary group ID number of the new user to the GID of the named group.  Unlike with the --gid option, the group is specified here by name rather
              than by numeric ID number.  The group must already exist.  Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system.

       --lastuid ID
       --lastgid ID
              Override the last UID / last GID.  See --firstuid.

       --no-create-home
              Do not create a home directory for the new user.  Note that the pathname for the new user's home directory will still be entered in the appropriate field in the /etc/passwd file.  The use  of
              this  option  does  not  imply  that this field should be empty.  Rather, it indicates to adduser that some other mechanism will be responsible for initializing the new user's home directory.
              Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system.

       --quiet
              Suppress informational messages, only show warnings and errors.

       --shell shell
              Use shell as the user's login shell, rather than the default specified by the configuration file (or /usr/sbin/nologin if adduser --system is used).  Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system.

       --system
              Nomally, adduser creates dynamically allocated user accounts and groups as defined in Debian Policy, Chapter 9.2.2.  With this option, adduser creates a dynamically allocated system user  and
              group and changes its mode respectively.  Valid Modes: adduser, addgroup.

       --uid ID
              Force the new userid to be the given number.  adduser will fail if the userid is already taken.  Valid Modes: adduser, adduser --system.

       --verbose
              Be more verbose.

       -v , --version
              Display version and copyright information.

EXIT VALUES
       0      Success: The user or group exists as specified.  This can have 2 causes: The user or group was created by this call to adduser or the user or group was already present on the system as speci‐
              fied before adduser was invoked.  If adduser --system is invoked for a user already existing as a system user, it will also return 0.

       1      Creating the non-system user or group failed because it was already present.  The username or groupname was rejected because of a mismatch with the configured  regular  expressions,  see  ad‐
              duser.conf(5).  adduser has been aborted by a signal.

       Or for many other yet undocumented reasons which are printed to console then.  You may then consider to remove --quiet to make adduser more verbose.

SECURITY
       adduser needs root privileges and offers, via the --conf command line option to use different configuration files.  Do not use sudo(8) or similar tools to give partial privileges to adduser with re‐
       stricted command line parameters.  This is easy to circumvent and might allow users to create arbitrary accounts.  If you want this, consider writing your own wrapper script and giving privileges to
       execute that script.

FILES
       /etc/adduser.conf
              Default configuration file for adduser(8) and addgroup(8)

       /usr/local/sbin/adduser.local
              Optional custom add-ons, see adduser.local(8)

NOTES
       Unfortunately,  the term system account suffers from double use in Debian.  It both means an account for the actual Debian system, distinguishing itself from an application account which might exist
       in the user database of some application running on Debian.  A system account in this definition has the potential to log in to the actual system, has a UID, can be member in system groups, can  own
       files  and processes.  Debian Policy, au contraire, in its Chapter 9.2.2, makes a distinguishment of dynamically allocated system users and groups and dynamically allocated user accounts, meaning in
       both cases special instances of system accounts.  Care must be taken to not confuse this terminology.  Since adduser and deluser(8) never address application accounts and everything in this  package
       concerns  system accounts here, the usage of the terms user account and system account is actually not ambiguous in the context of this package.  For clarity, this document uses the definition local
       system account or group if the distinction to application accounts or accounts managed in a directory service is needed.

       adduser used to have the vision to be the universal front end to the various directory services for creation and deletion of regular and system accounts in Debian since the 1990ies.  This vision has
       been abandoned as of 2022.  The rationale behind this includes: that in practice, a small server system is not going to have write access to an enterprise-wide directory service anyway, that locally
       installed packages are hard to manage with centrally controlled system accounts, that enterprise directory services have their own management processes anyway and that the personpower of the adduser
       team is unlikely to be ever strong enough to write and maintain support for the plethora of directory services that need support.

       adduser will constrict itself to being a policy layer for the management of local system accounts, using the tools from the password package for the actual work.

BUGS
       Inconsistent use of terminology around the term system account in docs and code is a bug.  Please report this and allow us to improve our docs.

       adduser  takes special attention to be directly usable in Debian maintainer scripts without conditional wrappers, error suppression and other scaffolding.  The only thing that the package maintainer
       should need to code is a check for the presence of the executable in the postrm script.  The adduser maintainers consider the need for additional scaffolding a bug and encourage their fellow  Debian
       package maintainers to file bugs against the adduser package in this case.

SEE ALSO
       adduser.conf(5), deluser(8), groupadd(8), useradd(8), usermod(8), Debian Policy 9.2.2.

Debian GNU/Linux                                                                                                                                                                                   ADDUSER(8)